Publications/Talks

Recent Publications

• Sangwon KL, Han X, et al. Automating the referral of bone metastases patients with and without the use of large language models. Neurosurgery. 2025. doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000003683
• Sangwon KL, Grin E, et al. Intraoperative Evaluation of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Obliteration Using FLOW 800 Hemodynamic Analysis. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). doi:10.1227/ons.0000000000001646
• Sangwon KL, Nguyen M, Wiggan DD, et al. Assessing superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery anastomosis patency using FLOW 800 hemodynamics. J Neurosurg. 2024;1(aop):1-10. doi:10.3171/2024.4.jns24713
• Sangwon KL, Oermann, EK. Publication Comment: Big Data in Neurosurgery: A Guideline on Data Structures, Machine Learning Models, and Ethical Considerations. (Accepted, Operative Neurosurgery)
• Negash B, Wiggan D, Grin E, Sangwon KL, et al. Use of carotid web angioarchitecture in stratification of stroke risk. J Neurointerv Surg. 2025. doi:10.1136/jnis-2025-023368
• Sangwon KL, Oermann EK, Nossek E. Predicting STA-MCA Anastomosis Success: Insights from FLOW 800 Hemodynamics. World Neurosurg. 2024;192:246-247. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.09.094
• Alber D, Yang Z, (including Sangwon KL) et. al. Medical large language models are vulnerable to data-poisoning attacks. Nature Medicine. 2024. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03445-1
• Grin EA, Sangwon KL, et al. Trans Sonolucent Cranioplasty Ultrasonography for Long-Term STA-MCA Bypass Patency Surveillance. (Accepted, Operative Neurosurgery)
• Sangwon KL, Zhang J BS, Steele R MS, et al. A multi-AI agent framework for interactive neurosurgical education and evaluation: From vignettes to virtual conversations. medRxiv. 2025. doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.25334084
• Sangwon KL, Zhang J MS, Steele R MS, et al. Evaluating large language model diagnostic performance on JAMA Clinical Challenges via a multi-agent conversational framework. medRxiv. 2025. doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.25334087
• Alyakin A, Stryker J, Alber DA, Sangwon KL, et al. Repurposing the scientific literature with vision-language models. arXiv (csAI). Published online 2025. http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19546
• Bounajem M, (including Sangwon KL), et al. Outcomes after carotid revascularization for symptomatic carotid artery web: A multi-institutional cohort study. Interv Neuroradiol. 2025:15910199251365529. doi:10.1177/15910199251365529
• Grin E, Raz E, (including Sangwon KL), et al. Atypical Carotid Webs: An Elusive Etiology of Acute Stroke. World Neurosurg. 2025;196(123770):123770. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2025.123770
• Sangwon KL, et al. Surgical Occlusion of C1 Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula. (Accepted, Neurosurgical Focus: Video)
• Grin EA, Wiggan DD, Sangwon KL, et al. Interrupted Versus Running Sutures for Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Cranial Bypass. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024. doi:10.1227/ons.0000000000001469
• Rabbin-Birnbaum C, Wiggan DD, Sangwon KL, et al. Learning curve of robotic end-to-side microanastomoses. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). Published online 2024. doi:10.1227/ons.0000000000001187
• Singh S, (including Sangwon KL) et al. It is too many options: Pitfalls of multiple-choice questions in generative AI and medical education. arXiv (csCL). Published online 2025. http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.13508
• Alyakin A, Kurland D, Alber D, Sangwon KL, et al. CNS-CLIP: Transforming a Neurosurgical Journal into a Multimodal Medical Model. Neurosurgery. 2024. doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000003297
• Vishwanath K, (including Sangwon KL), et al. Evaluating the performance and fragility of large language models on the self-assessment for neurological surgeons. arXiv (csCL). 2025. http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23477.
• Covell MM, Maroufi SF, Kurland D, Sangwon KL, et al. The Bibliometric Evolution of Neurosurgery Publications From 1977 to 2023. Neurosurg Pract. 2025;6(1):e00128. Published 2025 Jan 30. doi:10.1227/neuprac.0000000000000128
• Eremiev AN, Orillac C, Sangwon KL, et al. Disparities in neurosurgical care: Using length of stay to evaluate efficiency of care in New York City hospitals. J Hosp Adm. 2024;13(2):59.
• Rosenbaum G, Yang Z, (including Sangwon KL) et. al. MedG–KRP: Medical Graph Knowledge Representation Probing. arXiv [csAI]. Published online 2024.
• Anonymous Authors (including Sangwon KL), et al. Language Models Can Guess Your Identities from De-identified Clinical Notes. Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2024. Pre-print.
• *von Oiste GG, *Sangwon KL, et al. Utilization of Carotid Web Angioarchitecture for Stroke Risk Assessment. World Neurosurg. 2023 Nov; doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.091
  • *Equal contribution, co-First Author
• Alber D, Lock E, Sangwon K, et al. Tmic-84. A deep learning-based method for rapid, patient-specific assay of macrophage infiltration in high-grade glioma using label-free stimulated Raman histology. Neuro Oncol. 2023;25(Supplement_5):v297-v297. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noad179.1149
• Sangwon KL, Esparza R, et al. Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Direct Puncture Embolization of Cavernous Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video. Operative Neurosurgery. DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000947
• Kim NC, Sangwon KL, Raz E, Shapiro M, Rutledge C, Nelson PK, Riina HA, Nossek E. Early Experience of Surgical Planning for STA-MCA Bypass Using Virtual Reality. World Neurosurg. 2023 Jun;174:e44-e52. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.02.113. Epub 2023 Mar 9. PMID: 36906090.
• Gu Kang B, (including Sangwon KL as Karl S. Lee), et al. Proteome-wide microarray-based screening of PAR-binding proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;53(7):gkaf300. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf300

Abstracts/Presentations

previous name: ‘Karl’ Sangwon Lee (until 02/2023)

• Sangwon KL, et al. “Evaluating And Enhancing Large Language Model Diagnostic Reasoning In Neurosurgical Board Education Using A Multi-AI Agent Conversation Framework” Accepted for Oral Presentation at CNS 2025.
• Sangwon KL, et al. “Quantitative Assessment Of Microsurgical Robot-Assisted Versus Hand-Sewn Technique In Cerebrovascular End-to-Side Anastomoses Using AI Motion Tracking” Submitted to CNS 2025. Accepted for Oral Presentation at EANS 2025.
• Sangwon KL, et al. “Intraoperative FLOW800 Hemodynamics Analysis And Long-Term Angiographic Remodeling Outcomes In STA-MCA Bypass” Accepted to CNS 2025.
• Grin E, Sangwon KL, et al. “A Window To The Brain: Trans Sonolucent Cranioplasty Ultrasound For Long-Term STA-MCA Bypass Patency Monitoring” Accepted to CNS 2025.
• Vishwanath K, (including Sangwon KL,), et al. “Evaluating The Performance And Fragility Of Large Language Models On Neurosurgical Board-like Questions” Accepted to CNS 2025.
• Sangwon KL, et al. “Clinical Auto-referral Pipeline for Patients with Radiologically Identified Spinal Metastasis Using Natural Language Processing” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024. Awarded Best Basic Science Award - CNS Data Science Section
• Sangwon KL, et al. “Intraoperative Venous Outflow Assessments During Obliteration of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Using Hemodynamic Changes of FLOW800 Technology” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024.
• Sangwon KL, et al. “A Generalizable Pipeline For Building An Extensive Domain-Specific Dataset From A Medical Journal - Neurosurgery Edition” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024.
• Sangwon KL, et al. “Intraoperative Anastomotic Flow Measurements During STA-MCA Bypass Using FLOW800 Hemodynamics” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024.
• Sangwon KL, et al. “Seven Decades Of Change: Tracing The Evolution Of Neurosurgery Through Lexical Analysis Of Neurosurgery Publications Of The CNS (1955-2024)” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024.
• Bounajem MT, (Including Sangwon KL), et al. “Outcomes After Endarterectomy Versus Stenting For Treatment Of Symptomatic Carotid Artery Web” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024.
• Wiggan D, Negash B, Sangwon KL, et al. “Running Versus Interrupted Sutures for STA-MCA Bypass: Flow and Anastomotic Maturity on Follow-Up Imaging” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024.
• Negash B, Wiggan D, Sangwon KL, et al. “Carotid Web Angioarchitecture Based Risk Stratification Assessment May Accurately Determine Low Stroke Risk and Aid in Surgical Patient Selection” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024.
• Grin E, Negash B, Wiggan D, Sangwon KL, et al. “Atypical Carotid Webs: An Elusive Etiology of Acute Stroke” Accepted and presented at CNS 2024.
• Bounajem, MT. Liang A. Sangwon KL. et al. “Carotid artery stenting and endarterectomy for treatment of symptomatic carotid web: a multi-institutional series.” Accepted at SNIS 2024.
• Kim, NC. Budimlija, Z. Sangwon KL. et al. “Utility of Pre-flip Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring Baselines for Posterior Decompression and Fusion for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.” Accepted/Presented at AANS 2024, IMAST 2024, DSPN Spine Summit 2024 - Best Presentation Award.
• Kim NC, Sangwon KL, et al. “The Impact of Sarcopenic Obesity on Adjacent Segment Disease and Mechanical Complications Following Degenerative Lumbar Fusion.” Accepted/presented at DSPN Spine Summit 2024.
• Orillac C, Eremiev, A. Sangwon KL, et al. “Comparison of Patient Insurance Status and Case Severity for Neurosurgery Patients in Public and Private Hospitals in New York City” Accepted/Presented at AANS 2024
• Orillac C, Eremiev, A. Sangwon KL, et al. “Evaluating Efficiency of Care: Comparison of Length of Stay for Neurosurgery Patients in Public and Private Hospitals in New York City” Accepted/Presented at AANS 2024
• Sangwon KL, et al. “Generative Artificial Intelligence Framework for Synthetic MRIs of Brain Metastases Patients” Accepted/Presented at CNS 2023.
• Sangwon KL, et al. “Predicting STA-MCA Anastomosis Patency Using FLOW800” Accepted/Presented at CNS 2023, EANS 2023, SNIS 2023
• Kim NC, Sangwon KL, et al. “The Impact of Sarcopenic Obesity on Perioperative Morbidity and Mechanical Complications Following Lumbar Fusion.” Accepted/presented at AANS, CNS Spine Summit 2023, CNS 2023.
• Kim, NC. Budimlija, Z. Sangwon KL. et al. “Utility of Pre-flip Neuromonitoring Baselines for Posterior Decompression and Fusion for Cervical Myelopathy.” Accepted at Europe Cervical Spine Research Society 2023. Accepted/Presented at CNS 2023
• Wiggan DD, Rabin-Birnbaum C, Sangwon KL, Nossek E. “Early Experience with Robotic Microvascular Anastomoses” Accepted/Presented at CNS 2023.
• Alber D, Sangwon KL, et al. “Deep Learning-Based Image-to-Image Translation to Identify Macrophage Infiltration in High-Grade Glioma Using Label-Free Stimulated Raman Histology” Accepted/Presented at CNS 2023.
• Alber D, Cheung A, Kurland D, Sangwon KL, et al. “Spine-Tuned Natural Language Models and Bespoke Regular Expression Classifiers for Automated Spinal Surgery Registry Development” Accepted/Presented at CNS 2023.
• Lock E, Alber D, Smith A, Sangwon KL, et al. “The Impact of Tumor Mutational Status on Protoporphyrin IX Accumulation in Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Glioblastoma Patients” Accepted/Presented at CNS 2023.
• Sangwon KL, Oermann EK. “MRImagine: Generative AI to Predict and Visualize Post-SRS ‘Future’ MRI of Brain Metastases.” Presented at AANS NYU Chapter Medical Student Research Seminar, New York, NY 12/2022.
• Wiggan DD, Rabin-Birnbaum C, Sangwon, KL, Nossek E. “Learning Curve for Vascular Anastomoses using the MUSA Microsurgical Robotic Platform.” Presented at AANS NYU Chapter Medical Student Research Seminar, New York, NY 12/2022.
• Stouffer KM, Zhenzhen W, Xu E, Lee KS, et al. “Quantifying patterns of pathology: A characterization of the 3D spatial distribution of tau tangles and amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease using multi‐modal image registration with a scattering transform.” Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17(S1). doi:10.1002/alz.050498. Accepted at Alzheimer’s Association International Conference (AAIC) 2022. Accepted/Presented at International BRAIN initiative 2022.
• Lee S, Zuo Y, Yang X. “Multi-omics Integration to Identify Network Perturbation of Glial Cells in Psychiatric Disorders.” Accepted and presented at UCLA Bruins in Genomics 2020 Conference (https://qcb.ucla.edu/big-summer/big2020/#toggle-id-33), Los Angeles, CA 08/2020. Presented at Johns Hopkins Undergraduate 2020 Honors Research Symposium, Baltimore, MD 10/2020.
• Lee S. “Variant Expression and Pathway Analysis of Circadian Rhythm Dysfunction Disorder.” Presented at Johns Hopkins 2021 Computational Bio and Bioinformatics Poster Event, Baltimore, MD 05/2021.

Talks

• Congress of Neurological Surgeons - Artificial Intelligence in Neurosurgery
  • Invited Speaker
  • New York, NY 05/31/2025
  • Invited as a Speaker for Congress of Neurological Surgeons to lead an hour course on AI in Neurosurgery about “Pearls and Pitfalls of Language Models in Healthcare”
  • https://www.cns.org/meetings-detail/AI-neurosurgery-course
• New York University - NYU AI School
  • Invited Speaker
  • New York, NY 06/04/2023
  • Invited as a Speaker for NYU Summer AI School sponsored by Google DeepMind to talk about intersection of Medicine and AI.
  • https://nyu-mll.github.io/nyu-ai-school-2023/